Bearing Capacity of Granular Piles (Stone Columns): A Critical Review
Keywords:
Bearing Capacity, Granular Piles, Stone Column, Failure MechanismAbstract
Stone columns (SCs) are widely used as an effective technique to enhance the engineering performance of poor soils. The process enhancement of soils using stone columns is accomplished by the consolidated acceleration of weak soils through shortened drainage paths, increasing the load-bearing capability and decreasing settlement by addition of robust granulated materials. Despite the existence of several methods for assessing the bearing capacity of reinforced soils, predicting the behaviour of stone columns is prone to peculiar challenges that require comprehensive analysis. This paper reviews previously published literature on granular columns and includes various efforts to analyse and model weak treated grounds comprised of partially or fully penetrated, single or collections of granular columns. The paper also compares the differences between the most common design methods for assessing the bearing capacity of stone columns. Finally, the review guides engineers on the procedures and considerations to apply during system design
Downloads
References
[1] Zomorodian A & Eslami A., “Determining the Geotechnical Parameters of Stabilized Soils by Stone Column Based on SPT Results,” Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Online A10.
[2] Weber T., Laue J. 7., Springman S., “Centrifuge Modelling of Sand Compaction Piles in Soft Clay under Embankment Load,” In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Kowloon, Hong Kong. 2006.
[3] Dheerendra, B. M. R., Nayak, S. & Shivashankar, R.. “A Critical Review of Construction: Analysis and Behaviour of Stone Columns,” J. Geotech. Geol. Eng., 2013, 31(1): 1-22.
[4] Roy, L. B & Praveen, K.,“ Study of ET0 by Using Soft Computing Techniques in the Eastern Gandak Project in Bihar, India” A Case Study in soft Computing: Theories and Applications. New York. NY, USA: Springer 2022, pp: 515- 526.
[5] Barksdale, R.D. & Bachus, R.C.,“Design and Construction of Stone Columns,” Report No. FHWA/RD 83/026, Federal Highway Administration. 1983.
[6] Negesa, A. B., “Settlement Analysis of Pipe Culvert Situated in Soft Clay Treated with Prefabricated Vertical Drains,” J. Adv. Civ. Eng., 2022, pp:1-8.
[7] Soomro, M. A, Memon, K. F, Memon, A. & Keerio, M. A.,” Single Pile Settlement and Load Transfer Mechanism due to Excavation in Silty Clay,” Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research, 2018, 8(1), pp: 2485-2492.
[8] Al-Obaydi, M. A. & Al-Kazzaz, Z. A., “Analytical Study of Load-Settlement Behavior of Soil Treated with Stone columns having Different Sectional Shape.,” Key Eng. Mater., Aug. 2020, vol. 857, pp: 319-327,
[9] Bergado, D.T. & Lam, F.L.. “Full Scale Load Test of Granular Piles with Different Densities and Different Proportions of Gravel and Sand in the Soft Bangkok Clay,” Soils and Foundations 1987, 27(1): 86-93.
[10] Rao, S.N. & Reddy, K.M.. “Load Transfer in Stone Column in Soft Marine Clay”. In: Proceedings, Indian geotechnical conference, Madras, India, 1996, pp 403–406.
[11] Hughes, J.M.O. & Withers, N.J., “Reinforcing of Soft Cohesive Soils with Stone Columns,” Ground Engineering, 1974, 7(3): 42-49.
[12] Najjar S. S, Sadek S, & Maakaroun, T., “Effect of Sand Columns on the Undrained Load Response of Soft Clays,” J Geotech Geoenviron Eng, ASCE 2010, 136(9): 1263–1277
[13] Wood, D.M., Hu, W., & Nash, D.F.T., “Group Effects in Stone Column Foundations: Model Tests,” Geotechnique, 2000, 50(6): 689–698.
[14] Maryam G., Anuar K., and Norinah, A. R., “Improving the Strength of Non-homogenous Soils Using the Stone Column Technique,” Journal of GeoEngineering, 2017, 12(4): 97-106.
[15] Ng, K.S., “Numerical Study on Bearing Capacity of Single Stone Column,” International Journal of GeoEngineering, 2018, 9(9): 1-10.
[16] Ghanti, R. & Kashliwal, A., “Ground Improvement Techniques – with a Focused Study on Stone Columns,” Dura Build Care PVT LTD. Retrieved on January 30, 2013.
[17] Bae, W.S., Shin, B.W. & An, B.C., “Behavior of Foundation System Improved with Stone Columns,” In: Proceedings 12th International Offshore and polar engineering. conference, Kitakyushu, Japan, 2002, hlm 675–678..
[18] Sivakumar, V., Glynn, D., Black, J., & McNeill, J., “A Laboratory Model Study of the Performance of Vibrated Stone Columns in Soft Clay,” Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Madrid, Spain, 2007, 24-27.
[19] [19] Black, J., Sivakumar, V. & McKinley, J.D., “Performance of Clay Samples Reinforced with Vertical Granular Columns,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2007, 44(1): 89-95.. https://doi.org/10.1139/t06-081
[20] Madhav, M.R. & Vitkar, P.P., “Strip Footing on Weak Clay Stabilized with a Granular Trench or Pile,” Can. Geotech. J, 1978, 15(4):605-609.
[21] Aboshi, H., Ichimoto, E., Enoki, M. & Harada, K., “The “Compozer” A Method to Improve Characteristics of Soft Clays by Inclusion of Large Diameter Sand Columns,” In: Proceeding, International Conference on Soil Reinforcement, 1979, hlm. 211–216.
[22] Hu, W., “Physical Modelling of Group Behaviour of Stone Column Foundation,” Thesis Ph.D., University of Glasgow, Glasgow UK. 1995.
[23] Sivakumar, V., McKelvey, D., Graham, J. & Hughes, D., “Triaxial Tests on Model Sand Columns in Clay,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 2004, 41(2): 299-312.
[24] ] Shahu, J.T. & Reddy, Y.R., “Clayey Soil Reinforced with Stone Column Group: Model Tests and Analyses,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2012, 137(12): 1265-1274.
[25] Chan, K. & Poon, B., “New Analytical Approach for Predicting Horizontal Displacement of Stone Columns,” Embankments with Special Reference to Consolidation and Other Physical Methods Book, 2015, (479-515).
[26] Stuedlein, A.W. & Holtz, R.D., “Bearing Capacity of Spread Footings on Aggregate Pier Reinforced Clay,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 2013, 139(1): 49-58.
[27] McCabe, B.A., Nimmons, G.J. & Egan, D., “A Review of Field Performance of Stone Columns in Soft Soils,” Proceedings of the ICE-Geotechnical engineering, 2009, 162(6): 323-334.
[28] Vesic, A.S., “Expansion of Cavities in Infinite Soil Mass,” Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, No. SM3, 1972, 98: 265-290.
[29] Greenwood, D.A., “Mechanical Improvement of Soils below Ground Surface,” In: Proceedings of Ground Engineering, The Institution of Civil Engineering, London, UK, pp: 9-20, http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ge.44647.0003
[30] Brauns, J., “Initial Bearing Capacity of Stone Columns and Sand Piles,” Proc., Soil Reinforcing and Stabilizing Techniques in Engineering Practice, New South Wales Institute of Technology, Sydney, Australia, 1978, 1: 497-512.
[31] Mitchell, J.K.. Soil Improvement-State -of-the-Art Report. 10th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 1981, 4: 506-565.
[32] Bouassida, M. & Hadhri, T., “Extreme Load of Soils Reinforced by Columns: The Case of An Isolated Column,” Journal of Soils and Foundation,s 1995, 35(1): 21–35.
[33] Van Impe, W.F., De Cock, F., Van Der Cruyssen, J.P., & Maertens, J., “Soil Improvement Experiences in Belgium: Part II. Vibrocompaction and Stone Columns,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Ground Improvement 1997, 1(3):157-168.
[34] Datye, K.R., “Settlement and Bearing Capacity of Foundation System with Stone Columns” In: Proceedings, symposium on recent developments in ground improvement techniques, Bangkok, 1982, pp 85-101.
[35] Frikha, W. & Bouassida, M., “Prediction of Stone Column Ultimate Bearing Capacity Using Expansion Cavity Model,” Ground Improvement 2015 ,168 (2) : 106 – 115. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.13.00045.
[36] Bell, A.L., “The Lateral Pressure and Resistance of Clay and the Supporting Power of Clay Foundations,” Proc. ICE, 1915, 199, 233.
[37] Priebe, H.J., “The Design of Vibro Replacement,” Technical Paper, Processings of the Institution of Civil Engineerings, Ground engineering,hlm, 1995, 31-37..
[38] Etezad, M., Hanna, A.M., & Ayadat, T., “Bearing Capacity of a Group of Stone Columns in Soft Soil,” International Journal of Geomechanics, 2015, 15(2): 04014043. doi:10.1061/(ASCE) GM.1943-5622.0000393.
[39] Fattah, M.Y., Al-Neami, M.A. & Shamel Al-Suhaily, A., “Estimation of Bearing Capacity of Floating Group of Stone Columns,’ Eng. Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2017, 20(3): 1166–1172.
[40] Khalifa, M., Etezad, M., Hanna, A. & Sabry, M., “Bearing Capacity of Strip Foundation on Soft Soil Reinforced with Stone Columns Using Method of Slices,” Soil Testing, Soil Stability and Ground Improvement, Proc. of the 1st GeoMEast Inter. Congress and Exhibition, Egypt 2017 on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Springer, Cham. .2018. doi https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61902-6_8.
[41] Madun, A., Meghzili, S. A., Tajudin, S. A. A., Yusof, M. F., Zainalabidin, M. H., Al-Gheethi, A. A., Dan, M. F. M. et al., "Mathematical solution of the stone column effect on the load bearing capacity and settlement using numerical analysis," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2018, 995(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/995/1/012036.
