The Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (Tripoli) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research. It publishes original research papers, critical reviews, and conference proceedings in both Arabic and English across all disciplines of basic and applied sciences. Our editorial scope spans a wide array of scientific domains. JBAS invites rigorous research contributions across foundational disciplines—including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and geology—as well as transformative applied sectors such as engineering, environmental sciences, biomedical breakthroughs, information technology, and petroleum advancements. Essential Author Resources: JBAS Manuscript Formatting Guide (English) JBAS Manuscript Formatting Guide (Arabic) Author Copyright & Declaration Agreement Institutional Publisher: The Libyan Authority for Scientific Research Publication Frequency: Semiannual Access Rights: Immediate Open Access Language Matrix: Bilingual (English & Arabic) Commitment to Open Knowledge: Believing that scientific advancements should be shared freely, JBAS eliminates financial barriers to knowledge. All published content is immediately and permanently accessible online to researchers worldwide without subscription or download fees. To facilitate unrestricted scholarly sharing, the journal proudly operates under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Libyan Authority For Scientific Research
In this research, we studied the concept of Green's function and its use in solving differential equations. In this study, we highlight some applications of Green's functions in applied sciences to emphasize their importance, as they significantly contribute to simplifying the process of finding precise and clear solutions to problems, particularly in boundary value and initial value problems, the wave equation, the diffusion equation, as well as Laplace's and Poisson's equations.
Mass Trapping Technique as an alternative method to control Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) on peaches PrumuspersicaL. in Libya
A local study was conducted to evaluate Mass Trapping Technique by using (FLYCAP®) to control Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on peaches PrumuspersicaL. for two seasons 2010 and 2012. Low fly density was recorded during 2010 season, (50.9 fly/ trap/ week), while high fly density was recorded in 2012 season, (553.3 fly/ trap/ week). Despite the difference in fly densities in the two seasons, the efficacy of Mass Trapping Technique and dimethoate treatment didn’t change significantly where the infestation rates were 9.65% and 7.2% respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments, while a high significant difference was recorded for the control treatment, which was 35.97%. This study proved that Mass Trapping Technique could be a good alternative tool to combat fruit fly C. capitata in our area, or it could be incorporated in any pest management programs. With Mass Trapping Technique many unwanted problems could be avoided such as environmental pollution from pesticides and preserving biodiversity and avoiding the harmful effects on predators and parasites.
Survey and Identify of potato viruses in the western region of Libya
A survey was conducted to detect viruses infecting potato crop in the spring and the autumn seasons during 2009 and 2010 in the western region of Libya. 787 samples were collected from 32 sites in six regions. All samples were identified through double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for several viruses (Potato virus Y) (PVY), (Potato virus X) (PVX), Potato virus S(PVS), (Potato virus M) (PVM) and (Potato virus A) (PVA). 221 sample were Interacted positively with potato virus Y in 2009 season with Infection rate 18.64% and 73.14% in spring and autumn seasons respectively, while two samples were reacted positively in spring with potato virus X. 75 samples were reacted positively with potato virus Y in the 2010 season at a rate of 13.3% and 36% in spring and autumn seasons respectively. The study showed that no infection of viruses PVA, PVM, PVS in both seasons. The infections were higher in 2009 than 2010.Four tobacco plant species were used as indicator plants to study the symptoms of PVY. Mosaic, leaf malformation, dwarf and vein clearing were the main varied symptoms that’s showed in this study. This is the first report of Potato Virus Y (PVY) on potato crop in Libya
The Effect of Cold Storage on Tomato Fruit Preservation Variety Davista
This study was carried out in cold storage unit of the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tripoli during spring of 2015 in order to evaluate the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Variety Davista for its thermal requirement and the effect of these requirement on the period of storage life of the fruits. The fruits were selected from three stages of maturity (mature green, breaker and red- ripe stage). The fruits were stored under three storage temperature 0 , 5 and 10 ºC, sealed in poly ethylene bags of 3 types: (with 0 pores ,32 pores and 64 pores ) The results indicated that storage tomatoes fruit of 3 stages of maturity at 0 ºC resulted in its being affected by chilling injury and lost its marketable life. The mature green fruit were more sensitive to 0 ºC compared to other 2 stages of maturity, but storing tomato fruits under 5 ºC resulted in loss of the fruits of two maturity stages (the mature green and breaker) ,under this temperature, the red-ripe fruit was not affected by chilling injury and did not loss the marketable life .fruit of all stages of maturity retained its marketable life when stored at 10 ºC. Fruit color was correlated with storage temperature, and storing the fruits in polyethylene bags has no effect on fruit color. Fruit water content was found to be increased when stored in polyethylene bags From the results also, it can be seen that all evaluated fruit reached natural maturity in 13 days in storage, and the TSS increased but there was a decrease in acidity, which is a good indicator for tomato fruit maturity. Vitamin C decreased because of its use in fruit respiration during storage
Microstructure characteristic of TIG and laser welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel
The present study is concerned with active tungsten inert gas (ATIG) and laser beam welding techniques and their effects on size and microstructure of fusion zone, then on hardness of weld joints of the super duplex stainless steel (SDSS 2507) plates of 3mm thickness. The results achieved in this study disclosed that different types welding techniques play an important role in obtaining satisfactory properties of welded joint. Using nitrogen as shielding gas with argon content in case laser beam welding has resulted in improving microstructure of welded joint in comparison with that of TIG were silica flux was used as an activated material, the hardness profiles reveal that there is no significant difference between hardness of beam metal, BM and that of weld metal, WM but significant increase in hardness of HAZ regardless of welding process. The phase transformations produced during laser beam welding resulted improper ferrite/austenite balance due to decreasing austenite content but in a TIG welding there was an increasing in ferrite content.
In vitro evaluation of salinity tolerance of potato (Solanum tuberosum var. Spunta)
In vitro evaluation of salinity (NaCI) effects on potato (Solanum tuberosum L) var. Spunta was investigated with five NaCI levels (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and100 mM) by using single node explants. Significant differences affects were noticed among the plantlets cultivated in different NaCl levels. Salinity stress gradually depressed plantlets growth and development with increased NaCl concentration in MS media. Growth traits tested of plantlets grown in MS containing 20 mM NaCl exhibited no differences compared to control except plantlet length which was reduced significantly by 36% compared to control. Increasing salinity more than 20 mM showed a progressive reduction in all traits tested. All plantlets survived at high NaCl (100 mM) containing MS media and severely reduced growth rate. Our results estimated the moderate salinity tolerance of variety Spunta.
Evidence of compensatory growth of the gilthead seabream, Sparusaurata (Linnaeus, 1758
A feeding experiment was carried out to investigate the possibility using the phenomenon of compensatory growth to improve growth and feed utilization of gilthead seabream, Sparusaurata. Five feeding cycles were employed: daily feeding ; one week of starvation followed by one week feeding (1:1); two weeks of starvation followed by two weeks of feeding (2:2); three weeks of starvation followed by three weeks of feeding (3:3); six weeks of starvation followed by six weeks of feeding (6:6). By the end of the experiment, fish subjected to a feeding cycle (3:3) produced comparable results in terms of growth performance to the fish that were fed daily. Those showed improved food utilization in terms of food conversion ratio (FCR) and feeding efficiency (FE), compared to those on the other treatments. The results of 1, 2, and 6 weeks cycles are not so good as other the 3 weeks cycle a control feeding regimes. The studies so far provide evidence of the adequate of the fish to starvation followed by what may be termed compensatory growth once feeding was resumed when a 3 weeks starvation feeding cycle is employed.
Geophysical Radioactive Environmental Anomalyin WadiShatti area South Central LIBYA
An airborne geophysical survey measuring gamma-ray spectra and the earth's magnetic field was conducted in the Wadi Shatti area in south-central Libya at the end of the last century. The area was previously known to contain sedimentary lenses of iron ore. The primary objective of the geophysical survey was to explore the mineral potential of the area. Some of the radioactive anomalies recorded by the gamma-ray spectrometer were analyzed to determine the equivalent uranium (eU), equivalent thorium (eTh), and equivalent potassium (eK) of these anomalies. Surprisingly, some of these anomalies were located at sabkhas and swamps fed by artesian springs resulting from groundwater flow. A high level of radioactivity was found at one artesian spring, with scintillometer measurements showing an activity of 1500 counts per second. This radioactivity could be attributed to the geological formations carrying the groundwater, disequilibrium in the decay of various radioactive series, subsurface phosphate layers, phosphate fertilizers, or other reasons. Regardless of the cause of this notable radioactivity, some of the natural springs in the area are used for drinking water and irrigation. Although some of these anomalies are located in remote desert areas, they should be considered environmental geophysical anomalies and studied in detail with follow-up, including monitoring the health records of the population in the areas where these anomalies are located.
Anomalous Gender Assignation by the Amelogenin Sex Gene Test
Accurate human gender identification, based on the amelogenin sex gene/locus, has crucial applications in many scientific disciplines such as medical/prenatal diagnosis of sex-linked disorders and forensics. Molecular genetics techniques, especially typing for a length variation in the X–Y homologous amelogenin gene (AMELX and AMELY), are used for human gender assignation. Amelogenin sex gene/locus test is an integral part of most PCR multiplex kits that are employed for DNA profiling. However, it was reported that normal males being typed as females with this test. It was also reported a number of amelogenin negative (or AMELY null) males in various populations. Therefore, the current study was taken to determine the frequency of AMELY null/ negative males in Libya. Forensic anthropology analysis showed that human remains are for males. Here we report on the first known case, in the Libyan population, of an amelogenin sex test failure on a phenotypically normal male. The frequency of AMELY negative is rare in Libya, with an overall frequency of 0.1175%. These results suggest that the determination of gender, based on the amelogenin test, should be interpreted cautiously. Although AMELY null males are extremely rare in most populations, typing an additional gender-determining locus should be considered in forensics where the reference sample is of unknown gender. Keywords: Forensic science; Gender identification; Sex typing; Amelogenin gene/locus; FTA; STR; PCR.
The results of privatization of financial sector companies – case study Sahara bank from Libya
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the privatization process from both international and local perspectives, the problems and difficulties faced by the Libyan economy, especially financial institutions, and the main reasons and justifications that led to the reluctance or delay in adopting such policies and procedures. Due to the lack of development in financial markets and changes in financial control systems, the economy largely depends on governmental funding sources. Additionally, all the effects of privatization policies were studied. In this paper, we also analyzed data from one of the largest commercial banks in Libya, Sahara Bank, by reviewing and studying key financial statements. It is known that Sahara Bank was purchased by the French BNP Paribas Bank. Finally, the results of the privatization process and its positive effects on employees and the economy as a whole were evaluated.
Analysis of Libyan Family Pedigrees in Tripoli to Predict Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Adult
Obesity is becoming increasingly more prevalent across multiple populations. Several studies reported a potential association between obesity and multiple pathological conditions. The aims of this study are to find out the prevalence of obesity among Libyan population at different age groups, and to evaluate the possible association between the parent's health status and their progeny's health status to predict adult obesity and cardiometabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. A school-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Tripoli. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was used. The total sample included was 865 (460 males, 405 females) children (5-11years), adolescents (12-17years), and young adults (18-25years). The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference standard was used to classify the participants as nonobese, overweight, and obese. The result showed that the overweight and obesity are progressively increased with age. Among both males and females, the highest prevalence of overweight was reported in Tripoli young adults, followed by adolescents, and children. As for obesity, Tripoli young adults also showed the highest prevalence of obesity for both males (29.5%) and females (33.6%). Obesity is 1.1 times more common among tested Libyan females than males. There is an urgent need to establish a plan of action to combat obesity in the Libyans. Cases of obesity are increasing in Libya and all over the world, with genetic and environmental factors playing a contributory role. With its known significant fatalities, obesity should draw the attention of the Libyan researchers and policy makers.
The effect of untreated sewage water on concentration of elements in four olive cultivars in Masalata area
This study was conducted in the Masalata area near the Central Hospital. It included four olive cultivars (*Olea europeae* L.): Rasly, Zrazy, Jaddawy, and Gergashy. Leaves and fruits were collected from November 15, 2007, to January 30, 2008. Samples from the test group were collected from an area with untreated sewage water, while control samples were collected from the same cultivars in an area free of sewage water, located about 3 km from the study area. The aim was to study the effect of untreated sewage water on the concentration of elements in the leaves. The analysis results showed significant differences in mineral element content between the leaves of the test and control cultivars. The average percentages of nitrogen and magnesium in the leaves of the test Rasly cultivar were 1.11% and 0.42%, respectively, showing a significant difference compared to the control Rasly (1.01% and 0.28%). For the Zrazy test cultivar, the average percentages of nitrogen, potassium, and sodium were 1.42%, 0.30%, and 0.07%, respectively, significantly higher than the control (0.92%, 0.24%, 0.03%). The Jaddawy test cultivar showed significantly higher average percentages of nitrogen and chloride (1.13%, 0.30%) compared to the control (0.77%, 0.26%). The Gergashy test cultivar had significantly higher average percentages of nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium (0.95%, 0.99%, 0.33%) compared to the control (0.76%, 0.31%, 0.21%). For trace elements, the average zinc content was significantly higher in the test Rasly cultivar (22 ppm) compared to the control (17 ppm). Manganese average was significantly higher in the control Rasly (41 ppm) compared to the test (20 ppm). Lead and cadmium were not detected in any cultivars, likely due to absence or levels below detection. No significant differences were found for other elements in Rasly. For Zrazy, average iron was significantly higher in the control (130 ppm) than the test (113 ppm), with no significant differences for other elements. No significant differences were found for all elements in Jaddawy. For Gergashy, average iron and manganese were significantly higher in the control (105, 23 ppm) than the test (75, 15 ppm).
Mass Trapping Technique vs. Dimethoate for controlling Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) on Citrus spp. in El-Zahara area, Western Tripoli- Libya
The efficacy of Mass Trapping Technique by using (FLYCAP®) vs. Dimethoate was tested against Medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) in Citrus orchards in El-Zahara area, Western Tripoli during 2009-2010. Results of investigating 3500 fruit in mass trapping treatment and 1000 fruit in each of insecticide treatment and control showed a good efficacy of the technique. The fruit infestation rates were 17.35% ± 1.165 and 15.17% ± 1.889 for mass trapping and Dimethoate treatment respectively. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences between them, while the infestation rate for the control treatment was 36.5% ± 12.911.
Effect of gamma radiation on germination speed and percentage of some tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties
The present study was carried out during the autumn season in 2002-2003 in the crop sciences department laboratories, agriculture college, Tripoli University. Seeds of six tobacco varieties were exposed to four different levels of gamma radiation namely 0, 100, 200 and 400 Gry. The irradiated seeds were planted in sterilized glass Petri dishes in a completely randomized design. As a preliminary study, seed germination speed and percentage were studied starting in the seventh day to the fifteenth day from planting. From the results of the statistical analysis, there were clear and significant differences between the varieties in percent germination and days to germination. Also there was a clear and significant effect of the three way interaction, indicating the dependence percent germination and speed of germination on time in days and on radiation levels.
Genetic diversity of some local Libyan barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers
The Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to analyze the genetic material (DNA) of ten local barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes with five primers for using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The results of the genetic relationships among the studied cultivars indicated that five primers provided twenty seven bands, eleven (40%) were polymorphic. These polymorphic bands were used in the statistical analyses to provide the genetic similarity matrix and dendrograms. Paired comparison analysis was carried out to measure the genetic similarity between the cultivars. The results of the analysis indicated that the values of the genetic similarity ranged from 0.474 between Acsad-176 and Delimi, and 1.000 between Tagermin and Wadi Alhai. The genetic tree obtained had two branches (groups of cultivars); the first group contained six cultivars and the second contained four cultivars. The genetic tree indicated that Acsad-176 was the most distant genetically from the other cultivars. On the other hand, Tagermin and Wadi Alhai were the most related cultivars genetically. The ten studied barley cultivars seemed to have a great deal in common in their genetic materials as a result of a tightly linked genetic base.
Climatic Changes and their Impact on Agricultural Production in Libya for the Period (1980-2010)
Climate change has a strong effect on agricultural production, and consequently on food supply and security. In addition, the agricultural techniques play a minor role in the production of most of crops in Libya and therefore they are very sensitive to climate effects. This study aims to examine thecausal relationship between climatic conditions and annual production of important crops duringthe period (1980 – 2010) usingthe Pairwise Granger Causality test. The climatic variables were rainfall and temperature, and the crops were wheat, barley, onion, watermelons, tomatoes and potatoes. There was bidirectional causality between temperature trend and potato production and unidirectional causality between temperature and watermelon and wheat production. There was no causality between temperature on the one hand and production of barley, onion and tomatoes on the other hand. The results also show a unidirectional causality running from rainfall to potatoes and wheat, and a bidirectional relationship between rainfall and watermelon. There was no directional causation from rainfall to barley or tomatoes. Based on these findings, Libyan authorities should pay more attention to the planting of crop varieties that are resistant to drought and heat and focus on the development of such varieties.
Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes in Libyan women with urinary tract infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common medical problem in pregnancy, it is classified as either asymptomatic or symptomatic, it may be complicated by renal failure, bacteremia and septic shock, as well as preterm birth, and low birth weight. To determine the risk factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy, and to estimate the maternal and fetal complications of urinary tract infections. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, where 100 Libyan women who delivered at Tripoli medical center, and had history of UTI, during 2010 were interviewed in the post natal ward and inquired about symptom of urinary tract infection during their pregnancy. The study showed that 56% of women aged 26-35 years, 65% were multiparas, risk factors were hyperemesis gravid arum 59%, recurrent UTI during pregnancy 36%, and previous history of UTI 69%, renal stones 5%, renal congenital anomalies 2%, poor water intake where 42% consume < 1 liter, and medical problems including anemia 62%, diabetes mellitus 6%, and hypertension 12%. Maternal complications were miscarriage 14 %, preterm labor 9%, pre labor rupture of membranes 9%, intrauterine growth restriction 2%, and septicemia in 1 %. Neonatal complications include, prematurity 9%, and low birth weight 7%. Screening and optimum treatment by using 7 day regimen for asymptomatic bacteria urea is required to minimize both maternal & neonatal complications, further studies are required to establish risk factors and complications in Libya.
Research Study on the Effect of E-Learning in Training Course
Despite the proliferation of E-learning in training and education world-wide, this methodology is not implemented on Libyan context .Therefore there is a need to investigate the effect of deploying E-learning methodology in training field. The aim purpose of this study is to develop E-learning Excel training by using Moodle open source (learning management system). The secondary purpose is to compare the effects of two different modes of training delivery (E-learning training, and traditional classroom training) on trainee achievement used in an Excel training course at (Quality Assurance Ccertification Center). A study was developed to examine trainees achievement in Excel training course by comparing results of pre-test and post-test for both modes of delivery. The sample was (14 trainees at classroom mode and 13 trainees at E-learning training). The final results showed that the mean difference between the pre-test and the remote test using the T.test of the two groups was that the E-learning group obtained a higher achievement of statistical significance than the traditional education group at the significance level (P <0.05). These results indicate that excellence in using the E-learning course is well-designed and can be very effective for trainees' achievements.
Hemodialysis access complications during the first 30 days in Libyan patients: a single center experience
Temporary hemodialysis (HD) catheter is required mostly in acute and chronic renal failure and other cases. HD catheter is not free of complications. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the common complications occur during HD-catheter insertion and during the first 30-days of insertion. Methods: two hundred-ten patients had temporary HD catheter been inserted in Central Hospital (Tripoli) and in near other private clinics. Patients had questionnaire that prepared about the complications. They were divided into three groups according to the site of HD catheter insertion at presentation. The complications detected by patients and/or following up doctors reported in the same questionnaire. Data was collected at the end of 30 days after HD-catheter insertion and analyzed for demographic patients feature, and the complications reported at insertion and during the first 30 days. Results: Randomly allocated patients as they were presented. Group A: 95 patients had catheter at the jugular veins. Group B: 73 patients had femoral vein canalization and group C: 42 patients had subclavian vein catheterization. Pain at the site of insertion and during the first 12 hours was common complications (72.9%) and pain around the insertion site reported by 48.6% patients. Infection at the site of insertion reported in 38.6% of patients. Femoral vein catheterization entrance site infection was reported in 55.6%, at subclavian in 18.5% and at jugular veins in25.9% patients. Catheter tunnel infection was reported in 5.2% patients. Catheter tunnel infection was more with femoral catheter. Arterial or venous HD catheter lumen blockage reported in 21.9%. Two lumens blockage reported in 61 29% patients. Bleeding from the entrance site of the catheter reported during HD sessions reported in 4.8% patients. Hematoma at insertion site or around it was reported in 24.8% patients. It was more after femoral vein catheterization (53.8%) followed by jugular (34.6%) then subclavian catheterization (11.5%) patients. In conclusion, pain and infection at the insertion site were the commonest complications of HD catheter insertion. Reducing rate of these complications depends mainly upon implanting strict septic techniques, and train doctors and nurses about HD insertion complications and care.
Future Changes in Maximum Temperature Events Using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) in Kufra Area–Libya
All the IPCC's five reports between 1990 and 2013 concluded that we cannot expect stable climate in the future and we should prepare scenarios and strategies for the survival of humankind under the conditions of forthcoming global change. The study describes the application of statistical downscaling method (SDSM) to downscale maximum temperature data. In order to explore the SDSM method, the Kufra station in Libya has been selected as a study site to test the methodology for maximum temperature. The study included calibration and validate with large-scale atmospheric variables encompassing NCEP reanalysis data, the future estimation due to a climate scenario, which are HadCM3 A2 and HadCM3 B2. Results of downscaling show that during the calibration and validation stage, the SDSM model can be well acceptable regard its performance in the downscaling of daily maximum temperature. Trend analysis in the study area showed an increase in average annual and monthly maximum temperature, compared to the baseline period for both HadCM3A2a and HadCM3B2a scenarios in both the dry and wet seasons. The average annual maximum temperature in Kufra area is predicted to increase by 1.3°C and 1.4°C by the 2020s (2011-2040) under the A2 and B2 scenarios respectively. By the 2050s (2041-2070) the increase is predicted to be 1.4°C, 1.7°C under the both A2 and B2 scenarios. By the 2080s, (2071-2099) the average annual maximum temperature is predicted to increase by 1.9 °C and 1.4°C under A2 and B2.However, there is likely to be a significant warming in local surface temperature, which is enough for a significant change on the energy balance and is likely to affect water availability.
The Effect of Dilution on Electrochemical Properties of Stainless Steel Clad Layer
The effect of dilution on clad-stainless steel layers type (SS309L & SS308) deposited by Gas Metal Arc Welding technique was studied. The dilution effect was investigated by metallographic, and corrosion (both weight and electrochemical) techniques. The metallographic test showed that the first layer SS309 L has pitting corrosion and also some indications of brittle sigma phase at the interface between SS 309L & SS308 layers. The corrosion tests both weight loss and electrochemical tests were conducted in a solution of 4.5% NaCl and their results were in agreement with the metallographic results. In the electrochemical test the passivity region was lesser in SS 309L layer than that in SS 308 layer indicating the better corrosion resistance of SS 308 layer than that of SS309L. All tests results approved that SS 308 layer has superior corrosion resistance than SS 309L despite that the SS 309L is the thicker layer and has more Cr & Ni content but apparently these excellent properties were damaged due to the dilution effect.
ANALYSIS OF VOIP TRAFFIC IN WIRED AND WIRELESS LANS
This paper is an experimental study to analyze the performance of Voice Over IP (VoIP) traffic over wired and wireless Local Area Networks (LANs) by observing VoIP Quality Of Service (QoS) parameters, these parameters comprise jitter, delay and packet loss ratio. Two widely deployed LANs technologies (IEEE 802.3Ethernet in wired and IEEE 802.11G in wireless) are chosen as the test environment to conduct this study, the test methodology adopted in this study is based on simulation of real voice traffic in both network environments, thus the study was conducted in the laboratory using real equipment. In order to evaluate VoIP traffic performance, Quality of Service (QoS) parameters on the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) packet transmission under different background traffic loads are measured, File Transport Protocol (FTP) traffic is used as the back ground traffic. A set of graphs representing the jitter and delay graphs versus the RTP packets number are produced. The test results show that at high network loads, VoIP traffic in both network environments suffers high delay and jitter values. Also it shows that performance of VoIP traffic in wireless is much worse than the performance in Ethernet under the same load conditions. In both Ethernet and wireless, it was noticeable that there is a strong linear correlation between RTP packets delay and packet loss ratio.
Effect of various rates of nitrogen fertilization on some quantitative, and qualitative characteristics of three introduced potato cultivars (Solanumtuberosum.L)
>This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center - Tripoli Branch, during the spring season, to study the effect of fertilization with different rates of nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of three imported potato cultivars: Ajax, Concorde, and Liseta. > >The results showed the superiority of the Ajax and Liseta cultivars over the Concorde cultivar in total yield, as the total yield of the Ajax cultivar reached 29.48 tons/ha, while the total marketable yield of the Concorde cultivar was 22.23 tons/ha. The Ajax cultivar statistically outperformed the Concorde and Liseta cultivars in dry matter percentage, reducing sugars, starch, tuber specific gravity, and the Liseta cultivar in average tuber weight for total marketable yield. The Concorde cultivar significantly outperformed the Liseta cultivar in total soluble solids percentage, and both Concorde and Liseta in tuber protein percentage. The results indicate that nitrogen fertilization at rates ranging from (50 to 350 kg nitrogen/ha) led to a significant increase in total marketable yield, where the total yield for the rate of 150 kg nitrogen per hectare was (29.89 tons/ha) and the marketable yield was 28.22 tons/ha, as well as in the average tuber weight for total yield, the number of aerial stems per plant, and the protein percentage in tubers. Meanwhile, the percentages of dry matter, total soluble solids, specific gravity of tubers, starch, and reducing sugars were not significantly affected by the different nitrogen rates.
Vegetative Traits of Some Date Palm Cultivars Grown in Sebha
This experiment was conducted to study the vegetative characters of eight date palm cultivars grown at the farm of the Agriculture Research Center at Sebha, Libya. The cultivars were: Asbeer, Adhwee,Awreeg, Tasfert, Taghyat, Taleese, Saiedi and Khadrai. The results indicated that significant differences in traits of the studied cultivars, the trunks of trees were the tallest for the cultivars of Adhwee and Awreeg, and the trunks of Saiedi were the shortest even though all the trees were at the same age , the trunks of the rest of cultivars were showed no significant differences. The trunk circumferences of Taghyat were 159cm and the rest of cultivars ranged between 187-237 cm. The least number of leaves per tree were for khadhrai and Saiedi with an average of 65 leaves per tree ,and the average of the rest of cultivars were78 leaves per tree. The number of leaflet per leaf
The nutritional value of poultry litter for ruminants
Urea is not necessary in the diet ruminant animals, but because of the ruminant unique ability to utilize the nitrogen from urea to form high quality microbial protein, therefore, urea can be fed as a replacement for part of the protein in a ration. Urea, a non protein nitrogen compound, is used by the bacteria in the rumen of the cattle, sheep, goats and camels during the normal fermentation process, urea is broken down to ammonia. The rumen micro-organism is combine the ammonia with products of carbohydrate metabolism to form amino acid content to protein available to the animal when the principle source of dietary nitrogen is intact protein. Manure is an inevitable byproduct of the production of milk, however, Poultry manure is the organic waste material from poultry consisting of animal feces and urine. Poultry litter refers to the manure mixed with some of the bedding material or litter (wood shavings or sawdust) and feathers. The most common source of poultry litter is from broiler houses, poultry manure is inevitable byproduct of the product of poultry meat and eggs, and also as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN). Poultry litter is high in nitrogen content. This material shows promise as a feed for ruminant animals. ration containing chicken litter as a supplemental nitrogen source as when fed soybean meal and better than when fed ammoniated molasses. The chicken litter contained 4.85 percent nitrogen (30.3 percent crude protein), 19.2 percent which was uric acid. Oat straw and groundnut hulls had been used as the litter base to absorb moisture. Poultry litter has been used in fattening steers fed a concentrate consisting of high percent of chicken litter. This review, study of poultry manure as a simple and since it is the sure way to maintain quality and this can be particularly handy during the dry season when feeds are scarce
Studying osm1/ syp61 gene in arabidopsis under drought stress
Drought is a major abiotic stress that causes a reduction in plant growth and yields of agricultural crops. Naturally, Plants differ in their susceptibility to drought adaptation and tolerance and research confirmed that many genes and transcription factors are involved in the response to water deficit. I tested Arabidopsis OSM1 (for osmotic stress-sensitive mutant 1) (At1g28490) gene- which is similar to SYP61 (SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS 61) -under drought stress for the first time in plants grown on soil. The investigations included wild type plants and osm 1 mutant line (SALK_107167) subjected to drought. The sequence analysis showed that the T-DNA in this mutant is inserted in the promoter and in the correct site as reported by the database but showed smaller product size than the expected confirming missing of 86 bases at the left border of the T-DNA. Genotyping investigations showed that the lines segregated out according to the mendelian bases. The mutant plants were significantly more sensitive to wilting when grown with limited soil moisture compared to wild-type plants but plant survival was not affected. These results indicate that this gene may be involved in drought stress response and wider experimentation is needed to include transcript accumulations under such kind of stress in parallel with the use of a mutant that carries a T-DNA within the gene.
A Graphic Presentation of Some Bitopological Spaces
Given a bitopological space <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1025" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1844459924"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->, where both <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1026" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1844459925"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> and <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1027" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1844459926"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> belong to a certain class of topological spaces , we will show that there exist a graph <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1028" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1844459927"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]--> which will give a graphic presentation of the bitopological space <!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OLEObject Type="Embed" ProgID="Equation.3" ShapeID="_x0000_i1029" DrawAspect="Content" ObjectID="_1844459928"> </o:OLEObject> </xml><![endif]-->.
Copyright (c) 2016 Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences
Studying CBF4 Transcription Factor in Arabidopsis Under Drought Stress
>Water deficit is a serious environmental factor limiting the growth and productivity of plants and agricultural crops worldwide. A number of these plants and crops own the ability to survive drought by altering the level of gene expression. Using Arabidopsis in studying gene function and regulation is of crucial importance to plant biotechnology. Our objective was to study the gene expression of C-repeat- Binding Factor 4/ Dehydration Responsive Element-binding Protein 1D (CBF4/DREB1D) (At5g51990) under drought using cbf4 mutant line (SALK_039486). Two separate experiments were performed. In the first one, plants of homozygous and wild type lines were grown on the same soil, and in the second one; plants of the two lines in parallel with Columbia 8 were grown on separate pots. The molecular analysis showed that the insert is located 52 bases downstream the gene and the mutant were segregated out in a different manner from the mendelian bases. The gene expression of CBF4 was greatly reduced in the mutant comparing to wild type but plant survival showed no significant differences between the different genotypes in both experiments. The mRNA detection indicates the role of CBF4 in drought stress response in Arabidopsis as the mutant showed gene down-regulation but this level was not low enough to affect plant survival
Role and Performance of Agricultural Sector from 1969 to 2007
This paper aims to summarize the reality of the Libyan agricultural sector from 1969 to 2007 by showing the development of agricultural production, performance of the agricultural sector, challenges, problems and constraints of agriculture in Libya. Agriculture and livestock have been important components of the Libyan social, political and economic fabric, with more than half the population engaged in agriculture in some form until the 1950s and 1960s. The sector has received generous subsidies in the quest for self-sufficiency. However, The Libyan agricultural growth has been inversely related with growth in the Libyan oil sector. Also, the agricultural sector’s contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) has been declining since the discovery of oil in 1958. According to the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA, 2008) food imports have rapidly increased over recent decades, reaching approximately $ 270 million in 2007. Cereals contribute the largest share of these imports with 35%; wheat alone representing 6% of total imports in 2007. Apart from limited wheat and barley production, the major agricultural production consists of mostly fruit and vegetables especially, dates, grapes, olives, citrus, watermelon, onions, tomatoes and potatoes. In short, the agricultural sector still faces many challenges, problems and constraints including limited agricultural resources, and the ability to exploit these resources efficiently. Also, unfortunately, performance of agriculture in Libya has not been up to expectations and has been characterized over the decades by ups and downs.
Detection of the Splicing Defects (c.1845+11C>G) and Common Polymorphism (1773C>T) in Exon 12 of the LDL-R Gene on Chromosome 19 among Some Heterozygous FH Patients in Tripol
This study investigates the genetic basis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in selected Libyan patients in Tripoli, focusing on variants associated with mutations in exon 12 of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene on chromosome 19. Genetic analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) based on DNA techniques to detect splicing defects of the LDL-R gene in exon 12. Participants were recruited from the Tajoura National Cardiac Center and the Endocrine and Diabetic Hospital in Tripoli. The results revealed the presence of the splicing defect (c.1845+11C>G) in exon 12 of the LDL-R gene in patients with hypercholesterolemia and ischemic heart disease, many of whom had a family history of hypercholesterolemia and other contributing factors such as diabetes, hypertension, chest pain, and obesity. The frequency of heterozygous FH patients in the sample was 0.86%, with statistical analysis showing {p-value > 0.05}, which is considered high according to clinical diagnostic criteria. In addition, the study detected the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (1773C>T), which alters exon splicing efficiency and is linked to emerging functional genetic variants in exon 12. Molecular diagnosis confirmed that LDL-R gene mutations are strongly associated with premature coronary artery disease (P-CAD).