Journal of human and social sciences
type: channel
description: The Journal of Human and Social Sciences (JHSS) The Journal of Human and Social Sciences (JHSS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research. It publishes original research papers, critical reviews, and academic studies in both Arabic and English across all disciplines of human and social sciences. Our editorial scope spans a wide array of academic domains. JHSS invites rigorous research contributions across foundational disciplines—including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, literature, and linguistics—as well as key applied fields such as political science, education, law, economics, media studies, and human geography. Essential Author Resources JHSS Manuscript Formatting Guide (English) JHSS Manuscript Formatting Guide (Arabic) Author Copyright & Declaration Agreement Journal Overview & Metadata Attribute Details Editor-in-Chief Prof. Mohamed Alshrif E-ISSN (Online) 3134-9390 Institutional Publisher The Libyan Authority for Scientific Research Publication Frequency Semiannual Access Rights Immediate Open Access Language Matrix Bilingual (English & Arabic) Commitment to Open Knowledge Believing that scholarly advancements should be shared freely, JHSS eliminates financial barriers to knowledge. All published content is immediately and permanently accessible online to researchers worldwide without subscription or download fees. To facilitate unrestricted scholarly sharing, the journal proudly operates under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
publisher: Libyan Authority for Scientific Research
language: en
publication name: Journal of human and social sciences
issn: 3134-9390
items: Opening Editorial of the Second issue 2025
items: The Humanitarian Principles in Surah Yusuf and Their Impact on the Individual and Society
items: The Universality of the Noble Qur'an: Manifesting Islamic Theological Injunctions in Universal Human Ideals
items: scientific research production and Arabic textual criticism/edition
items: Opening Editorial of the First Issue, 2026
items: The Influence of Doctrinal Trends on the Grammatical Interpretation of Prepositions among Arab Grammarians: An Analytical and Critical Study
items: The Dynamics of the Relationship Between Subsidy Rationalization and Food Security in Libya: An Econometric Analysis from an Economic-Accounting Perspective (1970–2024)
items: Dynamics of Inflation and Unemployment in the Libyan Economy Based on the Phillips Curve Hypothesis
items: The Role of Financial Planning in Improving the Financial Performance of Islamic Banks: A Case Study of the Libyan Islamic Bank
items: Violence against Women in the Family
items: Digital Transformation and Its Importance in Technical and Vocational Education
items: The Educational Miracle in Quranic Stories
items: Positive Guidance Intervention Strategies for Developing Decision-Making and Solution-Focused Thinking among Adolescents: An Analysis of Contemporary Research Trends
items: Artificial Intelligence and Human Resource Management: A Theoretical Framework for Economic Transformation and Workforce Evolution
items: The Reality of Applying Governance Standards in Libyan Local Councils to Achieve Sustainable Development from the Perspective of Human Resources Management Employees
items: The Role of International Institutions in the Reconstruction of Libya
items: The Utilization of Architectural Heritage in the Urban Renewal of Benghazi’s Historic City Center
items: The Expected Impacts of Libya’s Accession to the World Trade Organization on Development and Reconstruction Efforts: Preliminary Conclusions
items: Obstacles to Sustainable Development Programs in Libyan Society
items: Review of Urban Content in International Institutions’ Reports of 2022: Paving the Way Towards Sustainability and Resilience
items: Urban Management of Cities and Its Role in Reconstruction
items: Legislation and Building Laws and Their Impact on Urban Renewal
items: The Role of the Private Sector in Economic Development "A Descriptive Study on the Reality of the Private Sector in Libya"
items: Investment Law and Its Role in Reconstruction
items: The Historical and International Evolution of the Concept of Sustainable Development
items: Islamic Sukuk as a Tool for Development and Reconstruction in Libya
items: Administrative Contract: Its Definition, Distinguishing Criteria, and Types According to the Administrative Contracts Regulations and Judicial Rulings
items: Libyan Legislation on Foreign Investment: Between Objective and Implementation
items: The Role of the Constitution in Achieving Sustainable Development: A Reading in the Draft of the Libyan Constitution 2017
items: Role of Training and Development of Human Resources in Achieving Sustainable Development

Opening Editorial of the Second issue 2025
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description: In an era of accelerating social, political, and intellectual transformations, where questions become more complex than answers become clear, the humanities and social sciences emerge as indispensable fields for understanding humanity within its context. They analyze phenomena not merely as they appear on the surface, but as they are shaped within the depths of history, culture, and social structure. These sciences do not simply describe reality; they strive to deconstruct, critique, and reconstruct it on more conscious and responsible epistemological foundations. This issue of the Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, published by the Libyan Authority for Scientific Research, comes within this intellectual framework, contributing to enriching rigorous scientific debate and emphasizing the importance of systematic academic research in addressing the issues of Libyan and Arab society, free from preconceived notions and grounded in the tools of scientific analysis and objective critique. Since its inception, the journal has been committed to being a peer-reviewed academic platform that provides a space for researchers to present serious studies, employing diverse methodologies and complementing their disciplines. This commitment stems from the belief that understanding human reality cannot be achieved from a single perspective or through a singular approach, but rather through an open intellectual dialogue between history, sociology, philosophy, linguistics, economics, political science, and other branches of human knowledge. As we present this issue to our readers, we emphasize that the true challenge for the humanities lies not in accumulating texts or reproducing ready-made pronouncements, but in their ability to question established assumptions and contribute to building a critical consciousness that keeps pace with transformations and anticipates the future. A society that does not think scientifically about itself remains captive to reactions, unable to act…
subject: Editorial
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creator: Editorial Board of the Journal Editorial Board of the Journal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v23i2.462

The Humanitarian Principles in Surah Yusuf and Their Impact on the Individual and Society
type: item
description: Surah Yusuf (peace be upon him) is one of the blessed chapters revealed by Allah Almighty to His Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). It contains the complete story of Prophet Yusuf, and it is described by Allah at the beginning of the chapter as “the best of stories.” Upon reflecting deeply on this Surah, a range of elevated humanitarian values becomes evident. These include commendable traits such as patience, honesty, chastity, and generosity, as well as blameworthy traits such as lying, envy, and deceit. This Surah truly represents a moral school that teaches believers how to face hardships with patience and steadfastness, while staying connected to noble values in all circumstances.
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creator: Taha Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 172
ending page: 199

The Universality of the Noble Qur'an: Manifesting Islamic Theological Injunctions in Universal Human Ideals
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description: This research examines the universality of the Noble Qur'an by highlighting the teachings of Islamic Law (Sharia) and their role in realizing the highest human values. Islam is a divine message addressed to all humanity across every era and locus; its universality is not merely theoretical, but manifests clearly in its legislation and principles that govern human relations with the Creator, the self, and society. The study focuses on four main axes: the interplay between faith and righteous deeds; the comprehensive Islamic worldview regarding humanity in both this life and the Hereafter; the Qur'an’s reliance on reason and reflection to anchor faith; and the efficacy of Islam as the religion of primordial nature (fitrah), adaptable to every stage of human and civilizational evolution. This research demonstrates that the universality of the Noble Qur'an is a practical reality, embodied in Islamic doctrines and the elevated human values they fulfill. Employing an inductive-analytical methodology, the study analyzes Qur'anic verses and classical exegeses (tafser) to derive conclusions that reaffirm the comprehensiveness of the Islamic message and its eternal applicability to all times and places
subject: Original Articles
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subject: Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)
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creator: Mona Moftha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 107
ending page: 117
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.458

scientific research production and Arabic textual criticism/edition
type: item
description: The methodologies of research and textual verification remain the fundamental cornerstone upon which the edifice of human knowledge rests, and the methodological safeguard that protects the scientific heritage from the perils of improvisation and superficiality. Within this solid epistemological context, the recently published book by Dr. Muhammad Khalīl al-Zarrūq — "The Craft of Scientific Research and the Critical Editing of Arabic Texts" — stands as a profoundly significant methodological document. It harmoniously combines the authenticity of traditional theoretical frameworks with the flexibility of contemporary application, drawing upon an academic expertise that spans three decades in the depths of Arab-Islamic heritage and its instruction in faculties of Islamic jurisprudence (Sharīʿah) and fatwa issuance. Historically, the principles of authorship were intrinsically linked to the ethics of scholars and the etiquette of seeking knowledge — beginning with the insights of Ibn Khaldūn in his "Muqaddimah" (Prolegomena) and Ṭāsh Kubrā Zādah in "Miftāḥ al-Saʿādah" (The Key to Happiness), and extending to the attempts of Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī and Shaykh Qāsim al-Qaysī to dedicate independent works to this discipline. However, Dr. al-Zarrūq's work is distinguished by its unique and innovative formulation, which transcends the rigidity of conventional templates. The book originally emerged from an interactive teaching notebook (course reader), combining the precision of the instructional text with extensive commentary and guidance, thus serving as a practical companion for both undergraduate and postgraduate students alike.
subject: Book Reviews
  topic: section
creator: Ali Al-Shabibi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 118
ending page: 119
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.456

Opening Editorial of the First Issue, 2026
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description: In the Name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful Praise be to God, who taught humanity what they did not know, and may peace and blessings be upon the most noble of prophets and messengers, our master Muhammad, the truthful and trustworthy. To proceed: By the grace of God Almighty, the publication of the Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities continues, and at the end of June, we are pleased to issue the first volume of the year 2026, contributing to the building of a knowledge society and a society of civilization and culture in our beloved country, Libya. This issue is rich with scholarly studies, articles, and refined scientific research that truly reflect the connection between the present and the past, and the effort to build for the future. It includes a variety of topics from psychology, sociology, law, and management sciences.
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Journal Editorial Board
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.453

The Influence of Doctrinal Trends on the Grammatical Interpretation of Prepositions among Arab Grammarians: An Analytical and Critical Study
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description: This study examines the impact of theological trends on the grammatical analysis of certain prepositions in the Holy Qur'an by exploring the relationship between grammatical interpretation and theological differences among Islamic sects. It is based on the premise that the creed of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah is founded upon understanding the Qur'an and the Sunnah according to their legal and linguistic indications, without interpretations that depart from their apparent meanings or contradict established principles of the Arabic language. The study also investigates selected examples of one-letter, two-letter, and three-letter prepositions, highlighting the differences in their grammatical analyses and the influence of these differences on theological meanings. It analyzes and compares the various viewpoints using the descriptive-analytical approach. The significance of the study lies in demonstrating the consistency of the methodology of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāʿah with the revealed texts and the established rules of the Arabic language, thereby emphasizing its role in ensuring sound theological reasoning.
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creator: Marwa Al-Zaririg
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.446

The Dynamics of the Relationship Between Subsidy Rationalization and Food Security in Libya: An Econometric Analysis from an Economic-Accounting Perspective (1970–2024)
type: item
description: This study aims to examine the dynamic relationship between government subsidy rationalization and food security in Libya over the period 1970–2024, within an integrated framework combining economic and accounting perspectives. It addresses a key research gap related to the limited empirical evidence linking subsidy policies to food security outcomes in the Libyan context, particularly under global food price volatility and economic instability. The study employs the Johansen cointegration approach and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), following unit root tests (ADF and Phillips–Perron), which confirm that all variables are integrated of order one I (1). The findings reveal the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship, where subsidy rationalization has a significant positive impact on food security, while global food prices and inflation exert negative effects. The error correction term indicates a slow adjustment speed of approximately 8.7% annually, reflecting weak responsiveness to short-term shocks. From an accounting perspective, the relationship is interpreted through a national food balance framework linking resources and uses, enhancing the understanding of public expenditure efficiency. The study recommends restructuring the subsidy system by adopting a hybrid approach combining targeted cash transfers and smart in-kind subsidies, alongside strengthening accounting oversight and establishing strategic reserves to mitigate global price shocks and ensure sustainable food security in Libya.
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creator: Abu Bakr Al-Raba
creator: Amina Abu Salama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 89
ending page: 106
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.445

Dynamics of Inflation and Unemployment in the Libyan Economy Based on the Phillips Curve Hypothesis
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the relationship between inflation and unemployment in the Libyan economy during the period (1991-2024), a period that witnessed radical transformations in the Libyan economic and political structure. This is achieved by employing modern econometric tools, specifically the Bounds Test within the ARDL model, to verify the existence of a cointegration relationship between unemployment and inflation, and to test the validity of the classical Phillips curve hypotheses in light of the specific characteristics of the Libyan rentier economy, thereby paving the way for recommendations that contribute to achieving the desired economic stability.
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creator: Asmaa Al-Taleb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 50
ending page: 61
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.444

The Role of Financial Planning in Improving the Financial Performance of Islamic Banks: A Case Study of the Libyan Islamic Bank
type: item
description: The objective of this research is to identify the role played by financial planning in improving the financial performance of Islamic banks. The research was conducted on the Libyan Islamic Bank during the period (2021–2024). The descriptive–analytical approach was used in the theoretical aspect, while the case study method was applied in the practical aspect. The research concluded that the use of a sound financial planning approach requires the availability of accurate information and data and their comparison with the actual results of the fiscal year. Financial planning plays a significant role in evaluating and improving the financial performance of institutions through deviation analysis and corrective actions. Weak forecasting of cash outflows, which in turn was reflected in the estimation of expense values, affected net income. The failure to conduct comparisons and studies of deviations resulting from differences between actual and estimated values, to identify the causes of these deviations and address them, and to attempt to prevent their recurrence in subsequent years, has a negative impact on the financial performance evaluation of Islamic banks.
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creator: Arafat Al-Jaghli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 39
ending page: 49
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.443

Violence against Women in the Family
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description: The phenomenon of violence against women is one of the global phenomena that all societies suffer from with different types, cultures, beliefs and languages, but they differ in their severity and extent of their spread from one society to another, and this phenomenon is practiced against women of all kinds, whether these practices are physical, psychological, sexual or economic, as they degrade women and make them psychologically frustrated, physically deformed or subservient to men, deprived of rights and duties. This study focused on the topic of violence against women in the family and aimed to detect violence against women in the family and to know its causes, forms and effects. The study concluded that the phenomenon of violence against women exists and is widespread in society, and this phenomenon has two types: an apparent type and a hidden type, which is the most common type in society, and it is the most secretive because it occurs inside homes, and that socialization, customs, traditions and culture prevailing in society have a great and direct impact on the consolidation of this phenomenon.
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creator: Haniya Khalil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 62
ending page: 71
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.442

Digital Transformation and Its Importance in Technical and Vocational Education
type: item
description: The research focuses on the profound transformations brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, particularly in the technical and digital fields, and their direct impact on patterns of life, work, and education. Technology has become an essential part of daily life, which has made it necessary for societies to keep pace with this development in order to avoid falling behind the path of progress. It also explains that education represents the main driving force for enabling society to adapt to the digital age through developing individuals' skills and their intellectual and creative abilities. Therefore, the shift from traditional education to digital education has become an urgent necessity, especially in technical and vocational education, in order to prepare students at various educational levels to deal with the culture of digitalization. The study indicates that neglecting digital transformation leads to skill gaps, weak employment opportunities, and low data accuracy, as confirmed by many studies. It also aims to highlight the importance of the digital transformation program in technical and vocational institutes, as a comprehensive process that includes curriculum development and the enhancement of teachers' and students' technological skills, rather than merely using technical tools.
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creator: Layla Al-Ayat
creator: Marwa Al-Zaririq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 72
ending page: 88
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.441

The Educational Miracle in Quranic Stories
type: item
description: This research aims to define the Quranic story and clarify the linguistic significance of some of the words contained in the story of the Companions of the Garden. This is done to identify the educational values presented in the Quranic text, which serve to teach and guide people towards happiness in this life and the hereafter through righteous deeds. It also seeks to draw lessons and admonitions from the experiences of past nations and the consequences of their arrogance and obstinacy. Most stories in the Holy Quran serve to remind and admonish, and each story has specific educational objectives. This research focuses on the story of the Companions of the Garden, identifying the educational goals contained within this impactful story and explaining its guiding principles
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creator: Amira Al-Ghoul
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 23
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.440

Positive Guidance Intervention Strategies for Developing Decision-Making and Solution-Focused Thinking among Adolescents: An Analysis of Contemporary Research Trends
type: item
description: The research aimed to provide a comprehensive thematic analysis of contemporary research trends (2015-2025) concerning positive counseling interventions for adolescents. Employing a thematic analytical approach, the research systematically reviewed and analyzed a sample of 72 published Arab and international studies, which served as the primary data collection tool. The content of these studies was analyzed through systematic comparison to identify prevailing theoretical frameworks, methodological patterns, the most effective strategies, and existing knowledge gaps. The results indicate a prominent shift from traditional therapeutic approaches to positive psychology models, such as Growth Mindset and PERMA, highlighting the superior effectiveness of multi-component interventions. Furthermore, a clear methodological disparity emerged between Arab studies (often using small samples and quasi-experimental designs) and international studies (employing large samples and randomized controlled trials), alongside a significant scarcity of long-term follow-up studies to assess the sustainability of outcomes. Consequently, the research recommends designing comprehensive, culturally-adapted counseling programs, adopting more rigorous mixed-method research designs, conducting longitudinal studies, and focusing on bridging the gap between academic research and field application.
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creator: Rabia Al-Tayari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 24
ending page: 38
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.439

Artificial Intelligence and Human Resource Management: A Theoretical Framework for Economic Transformation and Workforce Evolution
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description: This theoretical paper explores the strategic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in transforming Human Resource Management (HRM) and shaping broader economic outcomes, with particular relevance for developing economies undergoing rapid digital transition. The paper seeks to conceptually explain the mechanisms through which AI-enabled HR practices enhance organizational performance, labour-market efficiency, and national economic competitiveness. Grounded in Human Capital Theory, Digital Transformation Theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV), this study provides an integrated framework linking micro-level AI adoption in HR to macro-level productivity, innovation capacity, and sustainable economic growth. As global organizations navigate ongoing restructuring and labour-market shifts, this paper offers theoretical clarity and forward-looking insights for policymakers, HR leaders, and scholars.
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creator: Huda Megeirhi
creator: Abdelsalam Saad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.67936/jhss.v24i1.437

The Reality of Applying Governance Standards in Libyan Local Councils to Achieve Sustainable Development from the Perspective of Human Resources Management Employees
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description: This study aimed to investigate the reality of applying governance standards in local municipalities to achieve sustainable development from the perspective of Human Resources Management employees, based on several criteria including justice, transparency, accountability, participation, evaluation, and effectiveness. The study found varying opinions among respondents regarding the application of governance standards, ranging from positive to low levels. The study recommended strengthening the application of positive standards and reviewing the implementation of low-performing standards within the municipalities included in the study. Keywords: Governance – Sustainable Development.
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creator: Abdelrazek Alawami
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 567_580
ending page: 567_580

The Role of International Institutions in the Reconstruction of Libya
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description: Libya faces a major challenge in reconstructing its cities and various sectors, highlighting the economic importance of investment projects and their role in supporting development. Legislation and legal frameworks governing investment play a key role in creating a suitable environment by shaping proper strategies, establishing essential rules and regulations, and curbing bureaucracy, financial and administrative corruption, and related risks. These measures encourage investment and contribute to reconstruction efforts. This study examines the role of governmental and regional international organizations in Libya’s reconstruction and raises questions regarding their success or failure, as well as the extent of their commitment to contributing to investment, urban, industrial, economic, and human development. It further emphasizes that Libya’s accession to regional and international institutions in the field of investment and development has provided several guarantees protecting investors’ rights and their developmental projects. However, persistent political vacuum, legislative instability, regional interference, poor infrastructure, currency instability, and widespread corruption in state institutions have constituted significant obstacles to the reconstruction of Libya. Keywords: International Institutions – Reconstruction – Investment – Development – Libya.
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creator: ALI Ishtiwai
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 538_566
ending page: 538_566

The Utilization of Architectural Heritage in the Urban Renewal of Benghazi’s Historic City Center
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description: Preserving a nation’s cultural heritage is an imperative, as it represents a cornerstone of identity and a sense of belonging. Architectural heritage forms a significant part of this legacy, often concentrated in historic city centers characterized by distinct urban identities, such as Benghazi’s historic core. These centers are frequently threatened by modern encroachment, particularly when subjected to neglect or destruction. In Benghazi’s case, its historic center suffered extensive damage during the war (2014–2017), creating an urgent need for urban renewal. This necessity grew even stronger in the years following the war, becoming a pressing demand for local authorities. The study argues that urban renewal in such areas must be grounded in heritage preservation, using architectural heritage as a catalyst for sustainable regeneration. Specifically, the paper focuses on the Italian quarter of Benghazi’s historic center, which features buildings and urban elements of significant architectural, historical, and cultural value. Six focal points were selected for analysis: Souq Al-Hout Square, Salt Square, Silphium Square, Cathedral Square, and Al-Shajara Square. The research provides a historical and urban description of these locations and their associated architectural features. A survey was conducted among Benghazi’s residents to assess their perception of these sites, highlighting whether their importance lies in formal or functional aspects within collective memory. Based on the findings, the study proposes urban renewal strategies rooted in the integration of architectural heritage as a driver for sustainable development. Keywords: Architectural Heritage – Urban Renewal – Sustainability – Benghazi City Center.
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creator: Iman Almazeg
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 501_537
ending page: 501_537

The Expected Impacts of Libya’s Accession to the World Trade Organization on Development and Reconstruction Efforts: Preliminary Conclusions
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description: This study aims to highlight the nature and scope of the expected economic impacts of accelerating Libya’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on development and reconstruction efforts. To achieve this, the study reviewed the main features of the WTO, the membership-related steps Libya has previously taken or is expected to take, and provided an overview of the current state of the Libyan economy—its major characteristics and shortcomings that shaped its present condition. The research further examined the potential effects of full WTO membership and its implications for development and reconstruction, as well as the justifications for expediting the accession process. The findings indicate that full accession is no longer an optional choice but an urgent necessity driven by several factors in Libya’s favor. These include securing the benefits and rights of full membership granted to developing countries, improving revenues from hydrocarbons and petrochemical exports, reducing the rising costs of non-accession, creating a favorable environment for local and foreign investment, boosting foreign direct investment inflows, enhancing economic growth rates, reviving the stalled privatization program, and supporting reform, restructuring, and economic diversification to reduce structural dependence on the oil sector. Keywords: World Trade Organization – Development – Reconstruction – Libyan Economy.
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creator: Saleh Obeida
creator: Jamal Altajouri
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 453_500
ending page: 453_500

Obstacles to Sustainable Development Programs in Libyan Society
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description: Sustainable development is a key issue that plays a significant role in improving quality of life in various aspects—particularly the social dimension—and especially in developing countries that continue to struggle with underdevelopment. In Libya, sustainable development programs have faced multiple obstacles that hindered their success at both the social-environment level and the planning level, despite the availability of vast oil resources. The study reviews the concepts of sustainable development, planning, and social development, analyzes the main stages of Libya’s development efforts, and highlights the economic, cultural, and social challenges that impeded progress. It concludes that achieving sustainable development in Libya requires strategies tailored to the local context, a supportive socio-economic environment, and the adoption of systematic planning and institutional coordination to ensure successful projects and genuine socio-economic transformation. Keywords: Sustainable Development Programs – Planning – Social Development.
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creator: Abdel Fattah Almesmari
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 424
ending page: 452

Review of Urban Content in International Institutions’ Reports of 2022: Paving the Way Towards Sustainability and Resilience
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description: In recent years, cities and urban areas have become the focus of international institutions, civil society organizations, and researchers in the field of urban development. This growing interest is mainly driven by three factors: first, the demographic shift revealed by global statistics showing that, since 2007, more than 50% of the world’s population lives in cities, marking an unprecedented change in settlement patterns. Second, the significant contribution of major urban areas to greenhouse gas emissions and solid waste, which have been linked to pollution and climate change. Third, the unsustainable patterns of urbanization that have led to major environmental, social, and economic challenges. In 2022, several international reports were published addressing development, economy, and climate change. These reports provided descriptions of prevailing living conditions, data analysis, and roadmaps for achieving sustainability. This paper reviews key insights from those reports concerning urban sustainability and resilience. The adopted methodology is based on three steps: selecting reports with explicit urban focus, analyzing their main components related to urban patterns, challenges, and future scenarios, and finally proposing measures and policies relevant to the local context. Keywords: Cities – Sustainability – Urban Resilience – Urban Planning
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creator: Abdelhafid Almodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 386_423
ending page: 386_423

Urban Management of Cities and Its Role in Reconstruction
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description: The study aimed to establish a common framework between the system of urban management and reconstruction processes in cities affected by destruction and damage. It concluded that achieving political, administrative, and security stability is essential, alongside the participation of both public and private sectors for the success of reconstruction programs. Effective coordination among city administrations is also crucial, in addition to the vital role of the local community (city residents) in managing and rebuilding the city, thereby reinforcing the principle of collective responsibility among all components of the urban structure. Keywords: Urban Management – Cities – Reconstruction
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creator: Ahmed Jaouda
creator: Souad Bousnina
creator: Kareema Atiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 366
ending page: 385

Legislation and Building Laws and Their Impact on Urban Renewal
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description: This paper aims to study the legislation and laws related to construction, such as Urban Planning Law No. (3) of 1369, its executive regulation under the decision of the General People's Committee No. (460) of 1377/2009, and the Local Governance Law No. (59) of 2012 along with its executive regulation attached to the Council of Ministers’ Decision No. (130) of 2013. The study analyzes the impact of these laws on land use, urban renewal, reconstruction, and the urban development and growth of cities in Libya, as well as their effects on the urban landscape. The paper also highlights the comprehensiveness of these laws, their occasional conflicts, and the resulting effects on the urban features of cities, while also referring to other laws related to urban renewal, such as investment laws, and attempts to identify their shortcomings despite the absence of an explicit urban renewal law as seen in other countries. Keywords: Concept of legislation and laws – Reconstruction – Urban Renewal – Law No. (3) and its Executive Regulation – Law No. (59) and its Executive Regulation
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creator: Sabra Alshaari
creator: Almabrouk Alfituri
creator: Abdulmonem Alfakhr
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 346_365
ending page: 346_365

The Role of the Private Sector in Economic Development "A Descriptive Study on the Reality of the Private Sector in Libya"
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description: This study aimed to examine the role of the private sector in the development process and the main challenges it faces in developing countries. It also proposed public-private partnership as a strategic option and addressed the reality of the private sector in Libya. The study employed an analytical descriptive approach. The results showed that political and economic transformations had a significant impact on the role of the private sector in Libya. At certain periods, the economy relied entirely on the public sector, freezing the private sector’s role, and legislation hindered its operation. Additionally, Libya suffers from low rankings in international indices, such as the Economic Freedom Index and the Corruption Perceptions Index, discouraging foreign investors from entering the Libyan market. The study recommends establishing a strategy to build trust and partnership between the sectors, enhance the role of the private sector in development, and reform the general framework of economic policies and legislation. Keywords: Private Sector – Economic Development – Partnership
subject: Original Articles
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creator: Rajaa Faraj
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 317
ending page: 345

Investment Law and Its Role in Reconstruction
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description: Reconstruction is an urgent challenge that needs to be undertaken promptly, especially in heavily affected areas. Given the current state revenues and government spending, direct reconstruction by the state is very difficult. Therefore, mechanisms must be established to enable local and foreign investment to contribute effectively to the reconstruction process. Foreign investment is particularly crucial during the reconstruction and economic development phases. However, challenges exist, including the need to amend and update current legislation, as well as the need for clear strategies and visions to develop investment. This study discusses the role of investment law in reconstruction and addresses the challenges and obstacles facing investment and its contribution to reconstruction. Keywords: Investment Law, Reconstruction, Foreign Investment, Economic Development.
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creator: Mousa Abudweih
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 287
ending page: 316

The Historical and International Evolution of the Concept of Sustainable Development
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description: The growing understanding of the importance of sustainable development as a necessity to achieve a balance between the needs of the present and the necessities of the future has made it a humanitarian priority. No national or international policy can be developed without making sustainable development its basis. International law has laid a groundwork to preserve humanity’s right to sustainable development. The human right to sustainable development requires individual and collective states to engage diligently, based on goodwill, in implementing commitments, fostering genuine cooperation, and exchanging experiences. This study aims to shed light on sustainable development in international law, both in terms of its historical evolution and the legal measures adopted to establish the right to sustainable development in international law. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Stockholm Declaration, Rio Declaration, Johannesburg Declaration, World Summit on Sustainable Development, United Nations Organization.
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creator: Abeer Almuqairhi
creator: Mona Alhouni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 260
ending page: 286

Islamic Sukuk as a Tool for Development and Reconstruction in Libya
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description: The search for financing sources for economic development and reconstruction in Libya is one of the main challenges facing post-2011 development plans, amid infrastructure damage, unstable public revenues, and the prioritization of salaries over development in the national budget. This study proposes Islamic sukuk as a tool for financing development and reconstruction in Libya, drawing on contemporary international experiences from Malaysia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, using a comparative approach. The study presents a model of government participation sukuk called “Reconstruction Sukuk,” aimed at funding reconstruction and infrastructure projects, benefiting both economic development and sukuk holders. The study recommends establishing a legal framework for these sukuk, creating a supervisory authority to issue and monitor them, ensuring Sharia compliance, and raising public awareness about the importance of sukuk investment, free from usury concerns. Keywords: Islamic sukuk, economic development, reconstruction, Islamic finance, Libya.
subject: Original Articles
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creator: Ayoub Alfarsi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 229_259
ending page: 229_259

Administrative Contract: Its Definition, Distinguishing Criteria, and Types According to the Administrative Contracts Regulations and Judicial Rulings
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description: Administrative contracts are among the most important legal instruments used by public authorities to achieve their objectives in providing public services and promoting the public interest. These contracts are characterized by a special legal nature that distinguishes them from civil contracts, granting the administration unusual powers to modify contract terms, supervise execution, impose penalties, or terminate the contract to serve the public good. The study focuses on three main areas: the definition of administrative contracts, the criteria distinguishing them, and their main types according to the Administrative Contracts Regulations and Libyan judicial rulings. It identifies three essential elements of an administrative contract: one party must be a public legal entity, the contract must relate to a public service, and it must include exceptional clauses not commonly found in civil contracts. The study also reviews the main types of administrative contracts in Libya, including public works contracts, supply contracts, and concession contracts, highlighting their role in facilitating administrative operations and achieving general development in accordance with administrative law. Keywords: Administrative contract, Administrative law, Public service, Exceptional clauses, Libya.
subject: Original Articles
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creator: Ahmed Inwegi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 208
ending page: 228

Libyan Legislation on Foreign Investment: Between Objective and Implementation
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description: Foreign investments are among the most significant economic variables, playing a key role in generating productive capacities, which in turn increases the gross domestic product (GDP). They also finance economic development by transferring modern technology and diversifying income sources. The importance of this topic is highlighted from both economic and legal perspectives: economically, foreign investments contribute to the economic and social development of host countries by increasing foreign exchange revenues and introducing modern technology. Legally, legislators establish a special legal framework for investment through investment laws, as in Libya under Law No. (9) of 2010 on Encouraging Investment. Despite the issuance of this law, many questions arise regarding its effectiveness and contribution to forming strategies for reconstruction and policies to promote foreign investment.
subject: Original Articles
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creator: Jamal Alomari
creator: Tarek Alqamati
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 165
ending page: 207

The Role of the Constitution in Achieving Sustainable Development: A Reading in the Draft of the Libyan Constitution 2017
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description: In light of global developments across political, social, economic, and developmental dimensions, sustainable development has emerged as a vital pillar for advancing societies. The Draft Libyan Constitution of 2017 reflects this orientation, particularly in Article (22), which stipulates the state’s commitment to ensuring social justice, balanced and sustainable development through the rehabilitation of cities and villages, fair distribution of wealth, projects, and services, as well as providing equal job opportunities, encouraging investment, and addressing the needs of less-developed regions. Through an analysis of this article, the study highlights the state’s obligation to advance urban development and implement projects that serve the public interest, especially in light of the destruction and stagnation caused by the 2011 events, which damaged infrastructure, halted major projects, and suspended the activities of international construction companies—leading to the disruption of development and public services. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of achieving developmental balance across regions, fostering projects that promote good governance, and advancing production methods and techniques. Sustainable development, it argues, rests on the integration of economic growth with the preservation of natural, environmental, and social resources, thereby ensuring a comprehensive approach to a sustainable future. Keywords: Constitution, Sustainable development, Social justice, Libya 2017.
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creator: Ruqayya Mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 139
ending page: 164

Role of Training and Development of Human Resources in Achieving Sustainable Development
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description: Sustainable development is a national concern that requires the contribution of all relevant sectors to achieve its goals, ensuring citizens’ well-being, the sustainability of resources for future generations, and the growth of the national economy. This paper aims to present the concept of sustainable development, identify its indicators, clarify the role of training and human resource development in achieving its objectives, and introduce human resource management along with modern training concepts. The study adopted an inductive approach through a review of literature and related studies. Findings revealed that human beings are the cornerstone of sustainable development, as they are both its means and ultimate goal. Human capital formation is the essential foundation for development and progress, while material capital serves as a complementary factor. The results further highlighted that training is one of the most significant factors contributing to the enhancement of human resource efficiency, establishing a strong and direct relationship between training and development of human resources and the achievement of sustainable development. The study recommends that development strategies prioritize investment in human capital through effective human resource management, with a focus on comprehensive training and development programs, making the human element a central priority for organizations seeking growth and sustainable development. Keywords: Training, Human resource management, Sustainable development.
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creator: Halima Bouhzawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 117_138
ending page: 117_138